Structure of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) natural regeneration in the ‘Jata'' reserve in Poland

Over the last 20 years, investigations have been carried out to determine the influence of various ecological factors on silver fir natural regeneration in highlands and mountains. However, there has been little research on the structure and development of fir regeneration in lowlands. Results of this study indicate that three main stand characteristics play a very important part in the structure of fir regeneration in the lowland. The results revealed that the quantity, frequency and growth rate of fir regeneration were affected by site conditions. One of the most important ecological factors differentiating quantity and quality of fir regeneration was the proportion of fir in a stand. It was found that, with an increase in the percentage of fir in a stand, the quantity and the sum of heights and the sum of height increments of fir regeneration tends to increase. Results of this study showed that the number and development of fir regeneration were influenced by species composition of a stand; fir regenerated not only in pure fir stands but also in mixed forests. A positive influence of pine and birch canopy on initiation and development of fir regeneration was confirmed. Optimal conditions for the growth and development of fir with respect to species composition were found in mixed fir stands with an admixture of hornbeam. In contrast, results of the study suggest that the worst conditions for fir regeneration were found in the stands composed of species, such as ash, alder, oak, aspen, lime and spruce.     

铜在鲤体内的蓄积及毒性的研究

采用半静态法将鲤(Cyprinus carpio)暴露于不同浓度的铜溶液中,研究了铜在鱼体中的吸收富集及毒性。结果表明:铜在鲤肝、肾、鳃和肌肉中的积累量均随着铜浓度的升高而增加。鲤各部位对铜的蓄积能力依次是肝、肾、鳃、肌肉,且肝、肾中铜的积累量明显高于鳃和肌肉,鲤对铜具有较强的蓄积毒性。中毒鱼体色变黑,生长受到抑制,临死前出现神经症状;鳃小片上皮增生、变性、坏死;肝细胞和肾小管上皮细胞空泡变性、溶解性坏死。     

氯化三苯基锡对鲫的急性和亚急性毒性研究

以3月龄的鲫( Carassius auratus ) 为实验对象, 研究了氯化三苯基锡( TPTC) 对鲫的急性毒性以及在1 /2LD50、1 /3LD50、1 /4LD50、1 /6LD50亚急性浓度下对鲫死亡率的影响。结果表明, 在较低的TPTC 浓度下, 鲫的概率单位较小, 死亡率较低; 当浓度达到385. 6 Lg /L时, 死亡率超过50%。因此, TPTC 浓度385 Lg /L是一个安全阈值, 当TPTC 浓度达到385 Lg /L以上, 死亡率明显增加。TPTC的对数浓度和概率单位呈现出明显的线性相关; 且TPTC在鲫体内的积累量较大, 难以降解; 鲫对TPTC比较敏感, 可将其作为TPTC毒性测试的标准试验生物。     

Evaluation of Joint Toxicity of Enrofloxacin and Three Antimicrobials on MRC-5 Cells

The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined toxicity of enrofloxacin with each of three antimicrobials (ciprofloxacin,florfenicol and sulfamethazine).MRC-5 cells were used as a cell model to simulate the damage of lung cells caused by mixed contamination of antimicrobials.Multiple concentration gradients and mixing ratios were set.CCK-8 method was used to determine the inhibition rate of cell growth caused by four antimicrobials and the inhibition rate of cell growth caused by enofloxacin mixed with three antimicrobials,respectively.Then Chou-Talalay method was used to fit the median effect plot and to calculate the combination index (CI) value.The results showed that the growth inhibition rates of MCR-5 cells caused by four single drugs went up in a step-like manner with the increase of drug concentration in the tested concentration range,among them,the growth inhibitory rate of MCR-5 cells by florfenicol was low (<4.5%).The combined toxicity of the three binary combinations showed a concentration-dependent and mixing-ratio dependence.Mixing enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin showed synergistic toxicity (CI<1) on MRC-5 cells at high and middle concentration groups,and antagonistic toxicity (CI>1) at the very-low-concentration groups.Mixing ciprofloxacin and florfenicol mainly showed an inhibited toxicity (CI>1).Binary combination enrofloxacin and sulfamethazine might present either a synergistic joint toxicity (CI<1) or an antagonistic joint toxicity (CI>1) as the concentration and mixing ratio changing.This study showed that it was necessary to assess the combined toxicity of antimicrobials in the toxicity evaluation of antimicrobials.Using Chou-Talalay method,the joint toxicity of multiple antimicrobials could be quickly and efficiently determined at cellular level.     

4种中草药对金鱼的急性毒性试验

在常温静水条件下，选用4种中草药对金鱼进行急性毒性试验。根据96hTLm来判断药物对金鱼的毒性大小。结果表明：这4种中草药的毒性大小顺序为：贯众〉苦楝〉青蒿〉鱼腥草；高浓度中草药水提液和CuSO4同时使用时毒性较大；置金鱼于中草药水提液中药浴后进行CuSO4毒性试验，除鱼腥草外，药浴72小时以内可降低其死亡率。     

亚硝酸盐在水生动物体内的吸收机制及蓄积的影响因素

亚硝酸盐是水产养殖系统中一种潜在的污染物，淡水鱼类通过鳃主动吸收亚硝酸盐，导致体内亚硝酸盐的浓度过高。海水鱼类对亚硝酸盐的敏感性较低，但仍可以通过肠和鳃吸收亚硝酸盐。影响亚硝酸盐在体内蓄积的因素很多，文章就亚硝酸盐在水生动物体内的吸收及蓄积的影响因素这2个方面进行了论述。     

Some nutrient dynamics associated with litterfall and litter decomposition in hoop pine plantations of southeast Queensland, Australia

Litterfall was collected over a 12-month period with littertraps in hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) plantations aged 10, 14 and 62 years in southeast Queensland, Australia. The bulk of litterfall occurred during spring, mainly as hoop pine foliage with the annual litterfall ranging between 6.0 and 10.9 t ha⁻¹, respectively, for the younger stands (10 and 14 years) and the mature 62-year old stand. The amount of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) recycled annually through litterfall was lower in the younger stands (28–37 kg N ha⁻¹ and 4.4–5.3 kg P ha⁻¹) compared with that of the mature stand (85 N ha⁻¹ and 6.2 kg P ha⁻¹). The N and P retranslocated during senescence varied across the three stands studied with a trend for N and P retranslocation to increase as availability of soil mineral-N decreased.

Decomposition of the hoop pine foliage component of litter was also studied in the same stands using a litterbag technique and mass-balance analysis. The estimated half-life of hoop pine foliage mass ranged between 1.5 and 1.8 years. Litter-mass loss was strongly correlated with litter substrate quality indicators of N, C, P, C/N ratio, lignin, lignin/N ratio and polyphenols. During the course of the study, there was no difference in litter-mass loss between the stands of different ages. During the 15-month period, the order of element release from the hoop pine litter was K>Na>C>Mg>P, with N, Ca and Mn generally demonstrating varying degrees of net accumulation. During the course of the study, the lignin/C ratio of the hoop pine litter increased from 0.61 to 0.96. This suggested that the litter-C was predominantly in a recalcitrant form and, therefore, the associated N was unlikely to be rapidly released in the hoop pine litter layer.     

敌百虫对三疣梭子蟹幼体的急性毒性研究

试验结果表明,随着三疣梭子蟹幼体的发育,其半致死质量浓度以及安全质量浓度呈上升趋势。三疣梭子蟹Ⅰ期溞状幼体24 h LC50和48 h LC50分别为0.0095 mg/L和0.0082 mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.0018 mg/L;三疣梭子蟹Ⅱ期溞状幼体24 h LC50和48 h LC50分别为0.019 mg/L和0.010 mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.0038 mg/L;三疣梭子蟹Ⅳ期溞状幼体24 h LC50和48 h LC50分别为0.085 mg/L和0.047 mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.0043 mg/L;三疣梭子蟹大眼幼体24 h LC50和48 h LC50分别为0.085mg/L和0.050 mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.0052 mg/L。     

重组鸡痘病毒vFV282疫苗株在鸽体内的分布及毒性试验

采用翅内侧皮肤无血管处刺种途径给30日龄幼鸽接种重组鸡痘病毒vFV282疫苗株,利用PCR的方法检测其在鸽体内的分布及其动态并对其毒性进行了研究。结果显示,接种后6 h即在脾脏检测到病毒DNA;接种后1 d,脾、肺PCR检测阳性;3 d,在心、肝、脾、肺、肾、皮肤均检测到病毒DNA;7 d,心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑PCR检测均呈阳性;10 d,除脑外所有内脏器官中均未检测到病毒DNA,15 d后所有内脏器官PCR检测结果均为阴性。而对照组在整个试验期间PCR检测结果均为阴性。毒性试验表明,重组鸡痘病毒vFV282疫苗株使用安全。